Cause · two claims in one event

Roof leak: why the ceiling is covered and the roof usually is not

A roof leak is two separate questions wearing one event, and confusing them is how people end up disappointed by a claim they were entitled to.

Question one: the water that came through the ceiling and ruined the plaster, the insulation and whatever was underneath. Question two: the state of the roof that let it through. Canadian policies answer those two very differently.

Where the line is drawn

The Insurance Bureau of Canada lists among what a standard policy covers: “interior water damage from roof leaks, excluding roof damage from wear and tear”.

Read that twice, because both halves matter. The interior damage is in. The roof damage — if the cause is wear and tear — is out.

The underlying logic is consistent across every peril on this site. Insurance responds to sudden, accidental, unexpected events. It does not fund deferred maintenance. A twenty-year-old asphalt roof reaching the end of its service life is not an event; it is a schedule, and one the homeowner could see coming.

Which means a roof leak claim usually splits. The ceiling, the insulation, the contents: claimable. The shingles: yours, unless a storm did something identifiable to them.

Ice dams: the Canadian special case

The peril that most distinguishes a Canadian roof from an American one, and the one where the exclusion is explicit.

The mechanism is heat, not weather. Warm air escaping from the living space heats the roof deck; snow on the heated part melts; the meltwater runs down to the cold overhang beyond the heated envelope and refreezes there. A ridge of ice builds along the eave, meltwater pools behind it, and since roofing is designed to shed water downhill rather than hold it, the water works back under the shingles and into the house.

It is an insulation and ventilation problem that presents as a roofing problem. That is why re-shingling frequently does not fix it.

And IBC lists “ongoing or repeated ice dam damage” among what is not covered, treating it as a maintenance issue.

Note the words “ongoing or repeated”. A first occurrence during an exceptional freeze-thaw is a different conversation from the fourth year running in the same corner of the same roof. Once the pattern is established, the insurer's position is that you have been shown the problem.

What to do while it is still dripping

1. Catch it and spread the load. Buckets, and a tarp or plastic under them. Water spreads along the top of a ceiling and comes down at the weakest point, which is rarely above the leak.
2. If the ceiling is bulging, drain it deliberately. A small hole at the lowest point of the bulge, into a bucket, is much better than several kilograms of wet plaster coming down in one piece.
3. Photograph from inside, then from outside from the ground. Nobody should be going onto an iced roof for a photograph.
4. Find the entry point later, not now. Water travels along rafters and can enter metres from where it appears.
5. Get the attic insulation looked at. Wet blown-in insulation loses most of its R-value and does not recover, and it is the least visible part of the damage.

Health Canada's 48 hours applies here as it does everywhere else on this site, and an attic is the least ventilated, least inspected space in a Canadian house.

Why the scope may come back bigger than you expect

There is a specific dispute that arises on storm-related roof leaks and it is worth knowing the document that settles it.

Some restorers have treated water arriving from a weather event as automatically Category 3 — the grossly contaminated tier — which turns a drying job into a removal job and changes the invoice substantially. In March 2026 the consensus body that maintains the restoration standard issued a position statement saying the opposite in as many words: “Top-down water ingress, wind-driven rain and water from weather related events are not automatically considered Category 3 Water”.

The reasoning is about a single word. The standard's Category 3 definition says such water can include wind-driven rain from weather events, and in that document “can” signifies “an ability or possibility open to a user of the document… not a component of the accepted standard of care”. The determining factor is whether the water is actually grossly contaminated, established by inspection, not how it got in.

If your roof leaked in a storm and the scope came back written as Category 3, that position statement is the document to put in front of whoever wrote it. It is published by the body that writes the standard they are working to.

Fixing the cause rather than the symptom

For ordinary wear: the roof is a roofing job, and the interior is a restoration job, and the two are usually different companies.

For ice dams, the order that actually works is the reverse of what people try.

Air sealing first. Stop warm air leaking into the attic — around light fittings, the attic hatch, bathroom fans, plumbing stacks. This is the actual cause.

Insulation second. Get the attic floor up to depth so the roof deck stays cold.

Ventilation third. Soffit and ridge venting so the deck stays at outdoor temperature.

Heat cables last, and as a symptom treatment. They melt a channel through the dam. They do not stop it forming and they add to the power bill every winter.

Done in that order it is a building envelope project, which is also the order in which an insurer is most likely to accept that the ongoing problem has been dealt with.

Questions people actually ask

Where to read next

• The other cold-weather failure
• How a Canadian water claim runs
• What the repair side costs
• Every cause, side by side